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Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan are forming a model of interdependent energy

17 December 2025

The energy sector of the Central Asian countries is moving from disparate national models to a format of regional interdependence. Uzbekistan's gas, Kazakhstan's coal and Kyrgyzstan's hydropower form a single economically rational system.

Over the past ten years, electricity consumption in Central Asia has increased by 38%, while the peak winter load has increased by 42%. At the same time, about 25% of the regulatory capacity was lost due to wear and tear. In these conditions, the stability of energy systems is increasingly ensured not by internal resources, but through cross-border interaction.

Uzbekistan remains the largest consumer of gas in the region, with production of about 53 billion cubic meters. Annual domestic consumption approached 51 billion.

Kazakhstan, with coal reserves of over 25 billion tons, provides stable generation during the winter period — in 2024, coal formed 68% of electricity generation.

Kyrgyzstan is the source of the cheapest and most unstable energy, where the share of hydroelectric power plants exceeds 87%, despite a decrease in water inflows and an increase in domestic demand.

The regional model is based on the exchange of resources: the summer spillways of hydroelectric power plants support the agricultural needs of neighbors, and in winter they are compensated by the supply of electricity, gas and coal. From 2020 to 2024, the volume of seasonal electricity flows between the countries increased by 47%.

Experts note that climate change increases the importance of such a scheme: the reduction of glaciers and water resources increases the role of coal and gas generation as compensating capacities.

As a result, Central Asia is developing its own adaptive energy model, where coal, gas and hydropower do not compete, but complement each other, ensuring the sustainability of the region.

Russian Energy and Industry

17 December 2025